Ultra-low flow rate measurement techniques

Ultra Low Bit-Rate Coders

In this chapter, we present the definition and principles of ultra-low bit-rate coders. Here the emphasis is to point to the fact that this class of coders is typically the ‘vocoders’, which are ‘parametric’ coders that are essentially linear-prediction (LP) based vocoders. This is in contrast to the ‘waveform’ coders, which operate at the higher bit-rates. Among the various frameworks employed...

Low-current Noise Measurement Techniques

The noise of a resistive sample is a measurable physical property. The noise signature can depend on such variables as the materials used in preparing a sample and the method used to prepare it. A versatile experimental technique is needed to measure these noise signatures, one which can be applied to any form of resistive structure. In addition, many samples with unique physical properties, su...

Faster Specific Absorption Rate Measurement Techniques

This paper presents faster Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) measurement techniques based on a previously proposed estimation method. This estimation method theoretically estimates the SAR from a 2-D scanned electric field (E-field) by basically applying the equivalence theorem and the image theory. The method reduces the SAR measurement time without sacrificing accuracy. We present the applicabil...

Air-Solids Flow Measurement Using Electrostatic Techniques

Newer techniques of cerebral blood flow measurement.

• A variety of methods for measuring cerebral blood flow have been developed in the past 25 years since Kety and Schmidt developed their method based on the Fick principle. None of the currently used methods approaches the clinical ideal, since none of the techniques are accurate, reproducible and noninvasive. Most accurate techniques involve catheterization of internal carotid artery and/or ju...